Economics Affairs of India and World - Some Few Facts

The Ex-officio Secretary of National Development Council is: -secretary of Planning Commission

Targeted power capacity addition for 11th plan period (2007-2012) is : --66463 Megawatt

Tarapore Committee submitted its report on Full Convertibility on Rupee in: -Capital Account

Narsimham Committee (Second) constituted in 1997 and which submitted its report on April 23, 1998 was related to: -Banking Reforms

In order to check causalities in industrial unites to reduce the incidents of dangers and to promote the awareness for safety among

labourers, National Safety Council was established in: -1966

Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was passed in: -1986

The centrally sponsored scheme of Infrastructure Development in
Mega Cities in operation from 1993-94 applies to the five mega cities namely: -Mumbai Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Bangalore

The largest producer of Coffee in the country is: -Karnataka

The most important law enforcing Article 24 prohibiting the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory or other hazardous activities is : -The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana was launched on:-December 25, 2000

The largest state of India (area wise) is: -Rajasthan

Hyderabad (in Andhra Pradesh) is located on the bank: Musi River

The river Cauvery rises on the Western edge of: -The Western Ghats
(In the Brahmagiri Hills)

Ankleshwar Basin (offshore) oil- fields is located in:- Gujarat

India is divided into: -Eight postal zones Rail Coach Factory is located in: Kapurthala (Punjab)

India's first Atomic Power Plant is: Tarapur (Mumbai) established in 1969

Where is the volcanic mountain Mt. St. Helens situated- United States of America

Temperate grasslands of Eurasia are called: - Steppe

The circulation and movement of soluble inorganic matter (nutrients) derived from sedimentary and atmospheric phases and reservoirs through

organic phase of various biotic components and finally their return to inorganic phase is collectively called: -Biogeochemical Cycles

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CBSE Sample papers class XII business studies 4 -Answers

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CBSE Sample papers class XII business studies 4

Business Studies Class - XII (CBSE)
You are on questions of Set I

Time allowed : 3 hrs.
Maximum Marks:100

(i) This question paper is divided into four parts. Part-I carrying 50 marks is compulsory for all. Out of the remaining Parts viz.:II, C and C attempt any one part. Each part carries 50 marks.

(ii) All questions in Part-1 and the optional part (Part II or III or IV) are compulsory.

(iii) Marks are indicated against each question.

(iv ) Answers should be brief and to the point.

PART I
(PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT)

Q 1 What is meant by management? (2 marks)

The word management defines "the universally applicable methods, techniques, guidelines to be used in the areas of production, sales and profit".

Q 2 Explain, in brief, the principle of parity of authority and responsibility.
(2 marks)

As per Fayol's General Management Theory, a management technique could be well applied in areas if it will follow parity of authority and responsibility. The rule suggests that if a person is given authority for an assignment, he should made equally responsible for the assignment or task he has assigned with an authority. The rule suggests that both the things are complimentary to each other and need good balance to get an assignment done at time.

Q 3 Give two functions of a supervisor. (2 marks)

This person is responsible to get check the functioning under administrative reorganization. His main assignment is to get the things done at time with allowed cost and without any discrepancies.

Q 4 Explain briefly the meaning of "organisation structure". (3 marks)

An organisation structure is the structure of an organization, its manpower setting/arrangement as per need and policy of the management.

Q 5 State the main features of line and staff organisation. (3 marks)

A line organisation is a functional organisation, while a staff organisation is an organisation under the functional organisation. A line organisation may restrict to the functions and always in horizontal direction, while a staff organisation don't have any restriction and may move horizontal, vertical, diagonal.

Q 6 Differentiate between formal and informal organisation on the basis of formation, purpose, structure and communication. (4 marks)



Formal

Informal

Formation

Developed as per company policy

Informal formation

Purpose

To achieve economic plan and goal

To achieve social satisfaction

Structure

Official Organisation, formally structured

Emotional Organisation,

Communication

Proper channel of communication

No Proper channel



Q 7 "Management is the art of getting things done through other people." Explain the importance of management in the light of the statement.(5 marks)

"Management is the art of getting things done through other people", the statement defines management (It means resources and their optimum utilization through managing techniques).

Management is managing for optimum utilization of resources and caring for every single rupee to be invested in the business, no doubt the main motto is this, but without managing and directing other people indirectly or directly involved with the business the management is not possible. So, "Management is the art of getting things done through other people".

Q 8 Briefly explain(a) Motion study, and (b) Esprit de corps. (5 marks)

Motion Study: Motion study is the study of movement of body while starting and completing (doing) a work. This study is to get the knowledge about sitting arrangement that can best suit to complete an assignment effectively at time with smoothening of the arrangement.

Esprit de corps (spirit of co-operation): there are 14 principles of Fayol's General Principles of Management. One of the principles is spirit of co-operation. It asks for cooperation in all areas of management activities, especially among persons to achieve the objectives of management.

Q 9 What is manpower planning? How will you assess the manpower requirement of a business enterprise? (5 marks)

Manpower Planning is planning for manpower resources need in an organisation, for immediate work/project, future work/project, and special targets.

The assessment could be done by:

Getting the information about change in target/level of activity, new target, new assignment, new obligation, emergency need and demand change.

Q 10 Explain briefly the various steps in the process of control.(5 marks)

* Defining Targets
* Defining Standards
* Measuring Performance
* Detecting Controls
* Remedial Actions and steps

Q 11 Describe briefly the various features of planning.
OR
Explain briefly the benefits of planning to an organisation. (6 marks)

Features of planning:

* Goal Orientation
* Primary Function
* Pervasive
* Forward looking
* Risk management
* Continuous process

Benefits of Planning:

It helps for achieving goal, Risk management, Proper direction, Coordination, Resource Management, decision making, Development and expansion and Control.

Q 12 What is meant by ‘communication'? Differentiate between oral and written communication.

OR
What is leadership? Discuss the importance of leadership in the management of a business organisation. (8 marks)

Communication is a technique to pass an information using certain media to an another person. An Oral communication is a verbal communication while a written communication is a communication in writing.

Oral Communication: through Phone, Personal interaction, whispering etc

Written Communication : Through draft, fax, letter, documents

Leadership: It is a unique style of a person/leader to manage the activities of an Organisation. It may get shown as personnel identity, etiquette, behavior and practice.

Leadership quality is an essential factor for a good manager, as a good leader always may work as a good manager, but a good manager may not be essentially a good leader. For an Organisation a manager has to manage all the activities and to go through the 5 main steps i.e. Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Control. In a business Organisation, a manager has to manage all the above activities with man resources, and for all these leadership is a must.

Q 13 What is meant by the term "price mix"? (2 marks)

"Price Mix" is a pricing strategy for a mix of products with either same feature, function or use.

Q 14 State the role and responsibilities of a personal manager. (3 marks)

Keeping record of all data related to persons.

Q 15 Distinguish between training and development. (3 marks)

Training: relates to a person and make a person developed as per need, with training there is development, but without training there is no development.

Q 16 Explain briefly the objectives of financial management. (3 marks)

Objective of financial management is to provide optimum return to equity shareholders, maximum profit earning and optimum use of assets.

Q 17 State any three effects of undercapitalisation on a company. (3 marks)

Undercapitalization is underutilization of assets of a company. The effects is not but as natural low earning, unsatisfied results, ploughing back of resource with no earning.

Q 18 Enumerate the qualities of a good salesman. (3 marks)

Attractive, Polite, Humble, Good contacts, good information provider, customer grip and reliable service with go getter attitude.

Q 19 How does performance appraisal help in taking different types of management decisions? (4 marks)

Performance appraisal helps:

Making performance report

Making package justifiable

Help a person to grow as per the report

Help a person to get trained as per the report's suggestion

Make a view about a person and his performance

Q 20 Which method of wage payment-time rate or piece rate-would you prefer in the following situations?
(a) When workers have no control over the rate of output?
(b) When work and work methods are of a standardised nature?
© When workers are to be remunerated on a group basis?
(d) When quality of output is more important than its quantity? (4 marks)

(a) Piece rate

(b)Time rate

(c) Piece rate

(d)Piece rate

Q 21You are the finance manager of a company. The Board of Directors have asked you to determine the working capital requirement for the company. State the factors that you would take into consideration while determining the requirement of working capital for the company. (5 marks)

We would have to consider current cash balance, movement in assets, movement in liabilities, write offs and closing balance requirement.

Q 22 Explain briefly the factors that you will keep in mind while selected a suitable medium of advertisement. (5 marks)

Purpose of information, Cost Benefit Ratio, Confidentiality, Clients Preference.



Q 23 Explain ‘Financial Planning' and discuss the essentials of a sound financial plan. (7 marks)
OR
What meant by capital structure? What are the factors to be kept in mind while determining the capital structure of a company?

Financial Planning is planning for proper utilization of every single rupee of the business. A sound financial plan considers every aspects as to where to generate fund, by what mix, where to invest, how much to generate and invest, how best to use and considering implicit explicit costs and gains a business gains by management and plan of fund.

Capital structure is the combination of debt and equity in the financial structure of the company.

Factors to be considered:

* Current ratio
* Cost of raising fund
* Available Funds
* Market Repo
* Long run impact
* Leverage
* Legal Aspect
* Brokerage

Q 24 Explain "personal selling" and state the advantages of personal selling.
OR
"Advertising in unnecessary and wasteful." Do you agree with the statement? Give reasons for your answer. (8 marks)

Personal selling: It is selling directly to the customer, it is usually for sales promotion.

Advantages:

* Direct customer interaction
* Two way interaction
* Mostly for sales promotion
* Mostly for either very new product or old product with some promotion camp
* Usually gets arranged in public places



Advertising is unnecessary and wasteful: When advertising is just advertising and have no business objective it is unnecessary and wasteful. But if advertising have some proper objective and have certain good plan it is as good as a new business proposal with direct impact on customer.

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Online Degree, the Important Factors Of it

Online degree is one of the best outcomes of the advancement of technologies. Now you have an option to continue with your studies along with the other engagements, with the help of the online degree. Now you have an option to continue with a subject of your choice. The range of online degree is varied. You get degrees in the regular subjects for ordinary students who could not pursue their higher studies for different reasons. You can have your online degree in specific subjects like business administration, judiciary science and others.
Online degree is given by the traditional universities across the country and the world and these degrees are provided by the online colleges through their distant learning programs. From your site you can get information about several online degrees. When you enroll for any regular course, you must follow the fixed schedules of the course curriculum. You must be attentive to your studies in order to do well. It happens at times that a regular student often fails to follow the deadlines of such courses and is unable to continue the course. Here is what the online degree has much more to give you.
The best part of the online degree is that it does not demand a heavy sum as it happens in a regular course which demands several charges like conveyance, apparatus, hostel charges and others. When you are doing the online course, you are free to utilize your free time at your wish. You get the online resources to prepare yourself for the online degree examination. An individual can attend the online classes through the internet. While pursuing a course for an online degree, a student can enhance his or her technical knowledge by communicating with others over the net.
The best part of an online degree is that you get to communicate and share your know-how with students of different background. There are several online degrees available nowadays. You can opt for a certificate course, a bachelor's or master's degree or even a doctoral online degree according to your need. There are certain points you need to check upon when you are opting for an online degree course. For many online institutes, the student has to take the tests at the institute's campus so you must check whether the course you are opting for has all the classes offered online or not.
Another very important factor is the credibility of the institute offering the online degree course. You should always enroll yourself with a recognized college or university for an online degree program. Check for the credibility and the services of a university even if it is a traditional before you pursue an online degree program from it. The candidate must have a very clear idea about as to why he or she wants to pursue the online degree. It can for a career or it could be just for enhancing the knowledge. As many different institutes are offering the online courses, a careful choice is a must.

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Death of the Adverb

Am I the only one noticing that people are no longer using adverbs any more? The only one yelling "ly" every time someone misuses an adverb in conversation, on television, or on the radio?

"It was painted just beautiful," I hear someone say. "Ly," I correct them. "Beautiful-ly."

"The whole scene was displayed so perfect." A television reviewer says. "Ly," I yell at my television screen. "Perfect-ly."

"That song says it all so wonderful." A radio disc jockey comments. "Ly," I scream at my radio. "Wonderful-ly."

Then there's my personal favorite. The most abused adverb of all. "I want to win so bad." "Ly," I say, so frustrated-ly. "Bad-ly."

Remember Schoolhouse Rock: "Lolly, lolly, lolly, get your adverbs here." Maybe we could do with some re-runs. If this abuse continues, it will be the death of the adverb. For those of you who obviously do not know, here's a lesson in grammar. An adverb modifies a verb in much the same way as an adjective modifies a noun. Are we just getting lazy? Is it too much trouble to add that little 'ly' to the word? One syllable too many in the world of texting and e-mail? Or is it just that adverbs are no longer being taught in schools?

Whatever the reason, I intend to continue to yell at my TV screen and radio, and to use adverbs whenever possible to insure that they do not become extinct. I will teach my children and my grandchildren to use them correct-ly, and correct anyone I hear misusing one.

In the meantime, for those of you who care, and I hope there are a lot of us, listen to how often adverbs are ignored or misused and join me in the fight to restore the proper use of the English Language. It can be so rewarding to hear English spoken proper-ly.

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Academic Papers

There are different types of academic papers. For instance, research papers, term papers and essays. Most of the institutions require students to write academic papers at the end of the semester. The students can write essays, research papers or any other paper. Most learners are not able to complete their academic papers because of several reasons. First, most students do not know how to write the different types of academic papers. For example, the students are not aware of the steps required to write different types of academic papers. Each of the academic papers is written using different format. For instance, an essay is written differently from research papers and term papers. In addition, the students are not able to format the papers accordingly. This is due to lack of knowledge on writing styles. Students can use different writing styles when writing their papers. For instance, they can use APA writing styles, MLA writing style and any other style. The students find it hard to write their papers because of lack of enough resources to use when writing their papers. As a result of the factors above, most students get academic papers from firms that offer writing services. Not all companies are capable of offering quality academic papers. This is because most of the companies do not have the right features. A company offering academic papers should have the following qualities. First, the company should be able to offer academic papers in different formats. For instance the company should be able to offer APA papers, MLA papers and Chicago papers. Also, the company should be able to offer turabian papers and ASA citation style papers. This will enable the company to meet the needs of different students. Different students require their papers to be written using different writing styles.

Moreover, the company should have certified academic writers. In addition, the writers should have enough experience so as to be able to write academic papers. The company should hire writers from all the fields of study so as to be able to serve different students. For example, the company should hire students who have done nursing, technology and law. In addition, the company can hire students who have degrees in literature and business. This will help the writers offer customized papers to students from various disciplines and academic levels. The writers should be able to offer academic papers using various writing styles.

Further, the company offering academic papers should guarantee students professional work and hence good performance. The company should ensure the students get quality papers from the company. The quality of the papers includes plagiarism rate, grammatical mistakes and formatting. The company should ensure the academic papers offered are not plagiarized. Also, the papers should not have spelling mistakes and other grammatical mistakes. Also, the papers should be formatted well so as to guarantee students good marks. The company should have the necessary facilities so as to be able to offer quick and efficient services. For example, the company should have an online system so as to serve students located in different areas. It will also enable the company to offer academic papers to students 24/7.This is because students will be able to order their work on time and also get it before the deadline. This will in turn improve students' academic achievement.

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What is Good Teaching ?

All students must have had hundreds of teachers in their lifetimes. A very few of these teachers they would remember as being exceptionally good. What are the qualities that combine to create an excellent, memorable teacher? Why do some teachers inspire students to work three times harder than they normally would, while others inspire students to avoid their class? Why do students learn more from some teachers than others?

Here I have focused on the four essential qualities that distinguish exceptional teachers:

* Knowledge,
* Communication skills,
* Interest, and
* Respect for students.


An Experiment

Here's an experiment I had done in one of my earlier assignments. The results may surprise you. Go into one of the classes you are teaching and have your students take out a sheet of paper. Ask them to list for you the qualities they feel are important in a good teacher. Ask them to identify the qualities they admire in the best teachers they have had. Then give the students enough time to think about it and write something down. Five minutes is good, but ten might be better. Let them answer the questions anonymously if they desire.

What you will get if you combine all of the responses is a fascinating collage of ideas. I have found that most of the responses fall into two specific categories:

1) a set of "core qualities" that students recognize in good teachers, and

2) a set of "specific skills" that are developed by good teachers.

"Core qualities" are the essential characteristics needed to be a good teacher. I would like to concentrate on these core qualities in this article as under.

1. Knowledge

Students have consistently and clearly targeted as the number one quality of a good teacher exactly what you would expect: knowledge of the subject. You must be an expert in your field-both theoretical and practical –preferably with an industry interface and experience if you are going to be a good teacher in a Management college or Business School. This is a prerequisite.
2. Communication

The second core quality that good teachers possess is the ability to communicate their knowledge and expertise to their students. You may be the greatest expert ever in your field, but what would happen if you lectured in a style and language the students are not able to comprehend clearly? How much would your students learn?

It is a common misconception at the College level that knowledge of a subject is all that's required to be a good teacher; that the students should be willing and able to extract the meat from what you say- regardless of how it is delivered (even if it is delivered in a incomprehending language or different style). This might be true at the post graduate level, but elsewhere it is definitely untrue. It is especially untrue at the undergraduate level. The teacher's job is to take advanced knowledge and make it accessible to the students. A good teacher allows students to understand the material, and to understand what it means (because it is one thing to understand how nuclear bombs work, but quite another to understand what nuclear bombs mean).

A good teacher can take a subject and help make it crystal clear to the students. A bad teacher can take that same material and make it impenetrable. Or a bad teacher can devote so little time and effort to preparation that the material presented is intrinsically confusing and disorganized. A good teacher is willing to expend the effort needed to find innovative and creative ways to make complicated ideas understandable to their students, and to fit new ideas into the context available to the student. A good teacher can explain complicated material in a way that students can understand and use.

There is a saying, "Give me a fish and I eat for a day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime." This is the philosophy of a good teacher. Give your students an answer and they can solve one problem, but show students the techniques needed to find the answer for themselves and they can become self-sufficient in the field. Students need to be shown how to apply the new techniques you teach to problem solving.

3. Interest

A good teacher starts with a firm knowledge of the subject, and builds on that with a clarity and understanding designed to help students master the material. The best teachers then go one step further. Because good teachers are interested in the material being taught, they make the class interesting and relevant to the students. Knowledge is worthless unless it is delivered to the students in a form they can understand. But the effort expended making the material understandable is wasted if the students are disinterested when it is delivered, or if the students can see no point in learning the material.

Good teachers recognise this, and work hard to make their material relevant. They show students how the material will apply to their lives and their careers. Bad teachers make material "relevant" by threatening students with failure on a test. Good teachers go far beyond this: they make students want to learn the material by making it interesting.

This is one of the things that makes industry and business examples so important and vital to learning in a business school or college.Industry interface and practical real life examples make the ideas discussed in class exciting and important to the teacher, as well as to the students. If the teacher isn't interested in what's being taught, then why should the students be?


4. Respect

Good teachers always possess these three core qualities: knowledge, the ability to convey to students an understanding of that knowledge, and the ability to make the material interesting and relevant to students. Complementing these three is a fourth: quality: good teachers have a deep-seated concern and respect for the students in the classroom. Why else would a teacher put in the time and effort needed to create a high quality class?

The creation of a good class requires an immense amount of work. You don't simply come up with clear explanations,industry cases and examples and experiments for the class off the top of your head. You don't create fair, consistent, high quality tests,questionaires and homework assignments (read "learning experiences") five minutes before you hand them out. You don't figure out ways to integrate new materials and research into a class in an understandable way on your way to your college or institute in the morning. You work at this sort of quality all the time. You spend time with your students so you can learn about holes in their understanding. You read and write and create to build an exciting and interesting class every day. The only thing that would drive you to do that is a concern and respect for the students in your classroom.



Conclusion

When you strive and work to become a good teacher and to create a good class, the four core qualities are essential:knowledge,the skills to convey that knowledge,the ability to make the material you are teaching interesting and relevant,and a deep-seated respect for the students.Without these four core qualities,good teaching will just not exist and take place.

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Letter Writing: Write Formal & Informal Letters & Notes

HOW TO WRITE A LETTER: WRITING PERSONAL & OFFICIAL LETERS & NOTES FOR ALL OCCASIONS

Writing letters make popular. Letter writing ability is easily acquirable. Knowing how to write letters for all occasions is useful. Writing letters is not difficult. It is easy to learn how to write letters. This is on how to write formal letters, social letters, notes, what to say in private letter writing -writing personal letters.

Writing letters communicate best. Letter writing is joy to loved ones apart. Telephone calls are never enough. They like also to receive, write letters. Personal letters can be re-read. People in love write letters. Writing letters is dreamy. Boys who write letters are popular. Girls love receiving letters. Writing letters get one remembered when not together or telephoning. Family members away like to also to receive, write letters. Friends away like to receive, write letters. Pen friends write letters. Letter writing is communication, essential literacy –and it's fun.

One writing letters can take one's time to think of all the things that one can not remember when together or telephoning to say. In business writing letters clarify. Personal letters are keepsakes. Some things are said easier by writing letters, some better by not writing letters but notes. Writing letters are pleasing, effective. Notes can be nice. Here is how to write a letter, personal letters.

Letter writing, whether by post, fax, or e-mail falls into three categories. In each letter writing category the approach is different. How to write a letter depends on why one is writing a letter.

… Personal letters are often letters to family members, boyfriends or girlfriends, friends or pen friends -often friendly letters.

… Semiformal letters are often routine letters to e.g., order or return goods, instruct on delivery, or to confirm or request information -acquaintances also sometimes write letters semi-formally.

… Formal letters are often non-routine. Writing a letter formally implies officialdom -most seldom write letters formally.

Letter writing scares many people. Many don't know how to write a letter or note. The following all there is to writing letters.

>>> Writing Personal Letters

To write letters to loved ones, friends away please. They like news about you, personal letters –especially if you write letters interestingly. Write letters cheerfully. Write a letter to cheer up. When you write a letter appreciate, praise, credit them. Write letters as if who you are writing a letter to is there, you are talking: "Oh, this tea's cold! Anyway, I decided to write a letter..."

In writing personal letters, how intimately you write a letter depends on what is acceptable to who you are writing the letter. Unless you know it's all right, don't e-mail, fax or post loved ones or friends personal letters at a workplace; it may embarrass, cause problems if others see your letter. Privately communicate letters.

Letter writing is easiest when one is writing personal letters. If you can't think of much to write in your letter other than "Hi!" or "I'm well..." and "How are you?" (which always pleases), don't postpone writing your letter. A glance at a newspaper will show interesting things to write in your letter. When you write a letter do gossip -it's liked in personal letters. Remember this when writing personal letters. Be interesting when you to write a letter.

In letter writing it matters: include a joke or two in personal letters. Loving or funny verses please in personal letters. When you write a letter remember: in personal letters a picture of you delights. In writing letters, if appropriate, drawing a flower, heart, kiss makes personal letters loved. Write letters that ask opinions of persons you write personal letters to, even if it's only "Good, huh?" or "Nice, don't you think?" Such letter writing makes you interesting, popular with those you write personal letters to.

>>> Writing Semiformal Letters and Formal Letters

In writing a letter keep to the point. Letters in these categories are often short letters about personal dealings with businesses, e.g., to instruct a bank to make or cancel a regular payment, or query a return, refund, or a job. They may be long, detailed letters but still simple, easy to write letters. When you write a letter keep a copy.

>> Letters received can be, e.g., asking you to confirm something.

When writing a letter replying to such letters write your contact details at the top right corner of the letter, their address at the top left corner of the letter; add the date, and their letter's reference.

In your letter address them as they have you. Begin the letter by stating their letter's date, e.g., "Thank you for your letter of …."

Continue the letter, in a new paragraph. Be brief, simple, e.g., "This is to confirm that …" End your letter as ended their letter.

>> Letters sent to businesses to complain, request information, apply.

In writing a letter to a business, address, date your letter, state their reference as above. If you know the name of the person you are writing a letter to, begin "Dear Mr./Mrs./Miss./Ms. …" If not, in your letter address the reader as "Dear Sir/Madam" or "Dear Sirs." Ensure to state under it their order/invoice number. Keep your letter simple. When writing business letters, if began 'Dear Mr. ...', end "Yours sincerely"; if 'Dear Sir', "Yours faithfully."

> Letters of complaint are important. Before writing a letter of complaint, if annoyed, cool off -make tea, telephone friends. You are writing a letter to get a desired response -you are less likely to if you write an angry letter. Businesses in writing letters like to appear fair -business letters try, when you write a letter politely.

When you write letters of complaint say what is wanted clearly, simply, e.g., "I have not yet received a refund for … I enclose a copy of the returns-note/receipt. I look forward to hearing from you." Add any enclosures to the letter of complaint. Keep copies.

> Letters requesting information can be personal letters but must be clear. Write a letter simply ask for the information want. In writing letters requesting information on subjects you don't know much about, it helps to end your letter "… and any other details you may deem useful'. Writing letters so brings more information.

> Letters of application for a job or a grant should have wider margins for reader-notes, and bear in mind any closing dates. When you write a letter of application briefly emphasize how you meet the criteria. Say 'available for interview', and do print your name.

>> Letters to officials may need to be long, detailed; but writing letters that are so is easy. You may have to write letters arguing with business or official letters received; or to explain, detail, enclose documents; or write a letter to summon a politician's aid.

Writing letters that are official does not require high literacy. Not high literacy but method involves writing letters that are official.

When you write a letter to deal with letters requesting specific details and documents, in your letter simply respond in the order they are listed. Where business letters or other official letters request details generally, or if you are initiating correspondence by a writing a letter, first draft your letter -it helps in writing a letter.

Letters are easily, best drafted thus: For your letter's rough copy use lined paper. Draft your letter in pencil, leaving every other line blank. Jot down and number the points you will raise in the letter. Then stop working on your letter.

Take a break from writing your letter; do something unrelated to writing a letter. You want to write a letter to make those points. Let your mind 'digest' the points you will raise in your letter.

Later look at your letter again, put other points that occur to you on the blank lines. Re-number the points of your letter as you think logical. But don't hurry up to write a letter, yet. Sleep on it.

Then look at the draft letter, amend as necessary, write your letter.

Begin your letter by stating clearly what you want. End the letter briefly, simply, clearly repeating what you want.

When letter writing ends, enclose copies of any documents in the order of your letter's points -number, list them if they are many.

How to write a letter that is complicated is that easy and simple -that makes seemingly difficult to write letters easy to write letters.

>>> Addressing Letters –how to address an envelope

>> The Address: Sender's address goes, in the USA on the top left corner, in the UK & most others on back on flap (in the latter without sender's name, if address only will do) -addressee's address, former's centered, latter's left-aligned, on front 1/2 [USA 1/3] from top ~'Attention' [‘FAO'] on first line, flat/apartment/suite/dept. number ( if won't fit on same line), in the former after street line, in the latter before (single digit flat/house/street numbers are written as words); zip/postal-code normally after city-name, in the latter (if to another country) after country-name. When you write a letter, these avoid delay.

>> The Title: ‘Miss' has no dot after it; ‘Esq.' or ‘Sr.' or ‘Jr.' has comma before it but not, e.g., ‘II'; boy under 13 is ‘Master' unmarried girl over 18 or women if living with partner is ‘Ms.' (if to both partners, on separate lines, without ‘and' or ‘&', in alphabetical order); for the divorced, if retain same surname, include first name; if ‘Mr. & Mrs.' and only surname (e.g., Jones) man's name first, if using first names man's (last) immediately before surname (if formal and woman outranks man, e.g., academic ‘Prof.' & ‘Dr.', in rank order [if married, alphabetically] ~if of equal rank and not using first names don't abbreviate the title [e.g., ‘Professors Jones & Smith'] but if using first names do for both [e.g., ‘Prof. Peter Jones' and ‘Prof. Patricia Smith'] –if together to friends or colleagues in order of importance to you, and, if family or children, in age order). If unsure about a formal title, check ~e.g., the US's chief warrant officers are not ‘Mr.' but ‘Mister', the UK's surgeons are not ‘Dr.' or ‘Surgeon' but ‘Mr." and women justices never ‘‘Miss Justice'. In formal letter writing incorrect titles may annoy.

> When writing letters, if to officials or business letters, fold twice to 1/3 of page; if you are writing a letter to meet, allow 4-6 weeks [if from afar 6-8], if awaiting confirmation 2 more weeks –if expected to enclose postage for reply from another country, use international reply coupons [‘Union Postale'] ~unless ‘thank you' notes don't use address labels. Often at basic weight-steps small-packets or printed matter cost less if sent letter-rate.

>>> Writing Personal Notes

Unlike writing letters, notes are informal -sometimes important.

> Routine notes may not be important: "Your dinner's in the oven," or to the milkman: "Two bottles today, please."

>> Social etiquette notes that are expected may be important. Many do not write letters to socially invite or let another know that one will attend a party, or to thank another. Instead of writing letters they write social notes -to acquaintances, or strangers. As in letter writing, notes cause impressions to be formed about one.

These brief notes have the same tone as when writing letters informally, but must be courteous and polite. In inviting someone, one example is: "Hi, Nancy.. I'm having my birthday party, on ....., and it'd be so nice if you too could come. Love, Jenny." Another example is: "Dear Mr. & Mrs. ... we are having a house-warming party on ..... and we would love to have you too. Yours, Jo & Joe." In accepting an invitation one example is: "How nice! See you then! Jenny." Another example is: "So kind of you to invite us too -we will both be delighted to attend. Yours, Eric." If you are courteous, polite, recipients will mention you favourably when they write letters, will speak well of you in your social circles.

>> Sympathy notes must be written carefully. These are e.g., get-well notes, sometimes on cards; or, to express condolences to someone who is in mourning -when most do not write a letter but a note.

> A get well note or card, whether to a close relative away and you also write a letter, or on its own, is always more appreciated if one adds a personal touch to it. For example, if to a friend and it is not serious, "Don't take your time about getting well -we haven't finished our chess game yet…"; if to a friend, and it is serious, "I'll pray for your speedy recovery." An example, if it is to someone you hardly know and are sending it as the done-thing in your social or business circles, is: "I will look forward to hearing of your recovery from mutual friends and colleagues."

>In bereavement cases never try to cheer up in a sympathy note with a joke; however well meant, in one's grief it may be deemed unfeeling, inappropriate!.. Leave the comforting to the mourner's loved ones from whom more than a sympathy note is considered appropriate! Be, or appear, sincerely saddened by the loss. Clearly state so: "I am saddened by the news of ...'s death." Say: "I am so sorry to hear of your loss." Show so by emphasizing it, e.g., "… he/she will be greatly missed." Unless a loved one writing a letter too, if you don't attempt to comfort, it will be appreciated.

>> Notes to loved ones matter most. On an anniversary or birthday greeting never be satisfied with what's on the greeting card. Even if to a loved one away and accompanied by a loving letter, always personalize the card with a few words of your own, e.g., "Miss you!" or "Love you!" or "Take care."

The feelings of parents are -from a poem by the Cypriot thinker writer poet teacher the late Orhan Seyfi Ari:

"With us he was, in our nest, only yesterday...
How quickly has he grown wings, like a bird, flown away!"


As in personal letters, it shows that you are not greeting as the done thing -that you care.

Anyone can write a letter. Family/friends away appreciate letters.

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How to Find the Volume of a Cube,rectangular Solid Or Cylinder

After reading this you'll be able to Define Volume, Explain how volume is computed and find the volume of basic figures and objects in the 3 dimensional world. You will also find out about a common mistake concerning volume denominations.

So, here we go:

Volume refers to the total space contained within a three-dimensional figure.Volume is expressed in cubic denominations, such as cubic feet or cubic inches.

[Rectangular Solid]
The volume of a rectangular solid found by multiplying the Length by Width and then by the Height. You can also think of volume as taking the area of the rectangle:

(L x W) and multiplying by the H. So the formula is:

V = [Rectangular Solid's Width] x [Rectangular Solid's Length] x [Rectangular Solid's Height]

V = L x W x H

[Cube]
A cube is a rectangular solid whose edges are all equal. And since all the edges are equal (L=W=H) the formula can be simplified as follows:

V = [Cube's Width] x [Cube's Length] x [Cube's Height]

V = L x L x L (or L in the third power)

[Cylinder]
A Cylinder is an object that has a circle for its base, but it also has height. To find the volume of a cylinder, use the formula below which is the area of the circle multiplied by the height of the cylinder:

V = [Area of circle] x [Height of cylinder]

V = (? x R x R) x H

There are many useful applications of the volume formulas. Home builders may use volume to determine such things as how much concrete to purchase or how much cubic living space will be present in the completed house.

Cubic living space is found by finding the total living area and then multiplying by the height of the ceilings in the house. Amount of cubic living space is important. For example, it is important to purchase an air conditioning unit that is neither too large or too small for your home. A unit that is too large will waste energy and as well as money.

[Don't let this happen to you!]
A very common mistake is to say that, since there are 100 centimeters in a meter, then there must be 100 cubic centimeters in a cubic meter. That's
wrong! Let's see how this works:

1 liter = 1000 cm3 X (1 m3/100 cm3) = 10 m3

Since a cubic meter is the volume of a cube 1 meter on a side, and a meter is just a little more than a yard, then it should be obvious that there is no way that a liter (just a little more than a quart, remember?) is the same as TEN cubic meters!

This example illustrates the dangers of trying to convert units after using an equation. As a general rule of thumb, always convert units before plugging in to an equation!

Meaning of variables:
V=Volume
L=Length
W=Width
H=Height
R=Radius; Length of a line segment from the center of a circle to the circle's edge.
?=Pi; constant approximately equal to 3.14; used in determining the area of a circle.

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Algebra for Dummies: How to Start

The most importand factor about algebra and mathematics is that you really need to practise in order to understand the concepts. There are a lot of algebra books, tutorials, interactive lessons, online tutors and courses that can help you a lot, but without some homework and practise you are bound to fail.

You cannot remember the thousands of algebra concepts and equations without truly understand what each equation really means. What is the reason behind every algebra concept.

A key factor is to take small steps. For example learn one algebra equation, practise it for a couple of days, then move on to the next. Move on only if you feel comfortable with what you've learned. Every time you move on to the next algebra concept increase the difficulty of the equations or the exercises you're trying to solve.

Follow this procedure and soon you'll notice that your brain will be able to absorb mathematics and algebra quicker and easier. You will start to like it.

Another thing is that algebra requires you to apply specific rules. You will find these basic rules in a lot of equations and algebra concepts. The more you practise the basic algebra rules the better you'll become at learning different and more difficult algebra concepts.

A lot of people learning algebra miss out on the basic rules. In the end they mess up everything.

Remember, rules are everywhere. Our society is based on specific rules. Same goes for algebra. Treat algebra rules like a game and you'll like it.

You may end up wondering.. Why should I learn math and algebra? That's a good question. You must ask yourself this question before you go on. Algebra will help you solve problems, make decisions, apply strategies and a lot more. If you want your skills to worth gold then you have to learn math and
especially algebra. If you want your mental powers to reach top level then you have to learn algebra.

If you like mathematics then you know that in order to move to advanced mathematics you have to know the basics of algebra. Algebra is everywhere in your everyday life. This is a great advantage when trying to learn algebra. Why? Because you can take the a real situation and turn it into an algebra concept or equation.

Always ask yourself.. why? Here is a simplified example. You walk on the street and you see a girl carrying a birdcage. Inside the birdcage there are 4 little birds. Suddenly the cage's door opens and one of the birds escapes. You can turn this incidence into a simple algebra equation:

3 - 1 = 2

See what I mean? Now that's the first step! After that it will be easy to turn live complicated situations into algebra concepts. Your brain will soon become familiar with the idea. And soon you will be able to turn your entire life into algebra!

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Emperor's College Curriculum

What is the focus of the curriculum? Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has the longest history and is emphasized in most college curriculums. Japanese acupuncture uses abdominal palpation to diagnose and palpation to locate acupuncture points. Needles stimulation is typically gentler. Korean acupuncture focuses on needling of the hands. Medical acupuncture is practiced by physicians and other licensed health practitioners and is based on anatomical structures and physiology to treat Western medical diseases. A multi-disciplinary approach often translates into success in the clinical setting. Emperor's College offers training in all three types of acupuncture.

Does the curriculum include classes in anatomy, physiology, and pathology? It is important to understand Western medical pathology so that you can communicate with other health care providers, take necessary precautions when treating complicated disease, and know when to refer to a medical doctor or hospital.

Does the school's mission statement appeal to you? Acupuncture schools might appear similar on the surface but they each have a unique guiding philosophy. Emperor's College mission is to cultivate brilliant healers, teachers, and leaders in Oriental medicine who create the future of health care by word, deed, and through partnerships.

Is the college accredited? Is it approved by the California Acupuncture Board? This is very important for licensure and certification. Graduates of an ACAOM accredited school can become nationally licensed. Only graduates of California Acupuncture Board approved schools are eligible to sit for the California acupuncture licensing exam and hence able to practice acupuncture and Oriental medicine in California. Emperor's College has full accreditation with the ACAOM and is approved by the California Acupuncture Board.

What are the required textbooks? A good program will include both traditional texts translated from Chinese and textbooks written by English-speaking acupuncturists. Many theoretical concepts are more easily understood when explained by a native English speaker. One of the most popular textbooks is written by acupuncturist Giovanni Maciocia.

Are the instructors able to communicate the material well? Try to meet as many instructors as you can. Even the greatest acupuncture doctor will not improve your ability if you cannot understand him or her. This can sometimes be a concern if the instructor can not speak English well.

Does the curriculum include adjunct therapies? Moxibustion, cupping, electro acupuncture, and auricular acupuncture are examples of adjunct therapies. Learn more about Emperor's College's curriculum at http://emperors.edu/masters-program/acupuncture-school-program-overview/

How extensive is the library's collection? Ask about the college library collection of textbooks, videotapes, audiotapes, and journals.

Is the college clinic busy? Ask how many patients each student sees in the clinic on average. Remember that you are paying tuition to be in the clinic, so be sure that you will be busy. Some rural colleges may have fewer patients.

What will your involvement in the clinic be? Will you have a chance to assist with office management and learn practice management skills? How many patients will you be treating and how many will you be observing?

Does the program offer externships? In today's day and age it is crucial to be able to communicate with other medical professionals such as doctors, nurses, chiropractors and the like. Externships are a great opportunity to gain experience working alongside western medical providers. Years 3-4 at Emperor's College requires students to practice what they learn through externships.

What are the accomplishments of the college's alumni? How many of them have gone on to provide practice, teaching, research, writing or publishing? Alumni success is a great measure of the program's success. Go here http://emperors.edu/alumni/distinguished-alumni/ for a list of distinguished Emperor's graduates.

Does the school offer a doctoral program? Only the most established and respected acupuncture schools offer post-graduate doctoral training. This is where acupuncturists pursue medical specialty training and set themselves apart as specialists in the field. Emperor's College offers a full doctoral program.

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College Financial Aid is meant to lighten your education bill

Despite the economic meltdown, College Financial Aid has not seen any drastic changes and adjustments made. Well it is good news for the future aspirants who are on the verge of finishing their high schools. As intervening days between the school holidays and beginning of admission sessions in colleges would be quite hectic for you, keep in mind to make some methodical preparations for the days ahead. It will be unwise on your part not to consider of the financial benefits and grants while studying in a college. Tuition fee is quite exorbitant these days, and paying the entire amount from your parent's savings would be somewhat foolish. Keeping in mind the fact, you may apply for the financial assistances. The Financial Aid is strictly given to deserving candidates. Those coming from poor economic backgrounds will be surely given preference. The scrutiny done to ascertain who should be given these aids is very strict, and you should fill in your responses on the required form honestly. Any wrong information provided will be strictly dealt with when found out on verifications. Fortunately you have some options to apply for. There is a provision for grants for the needy students. Again there is work and earn schemes, under which you work part time to finance your education. Banks tie up with colleges to provide low interest loan; which can be another option. Furthermore, some colleges reduce the tuition fee for poor students. But College Scholarships are a different story altogether. It is ability based more than being need based schemes. The students who would qualify for it must demonstrate certain abilities and prove it before the panel of judges to win the various scholarships. In fact, it is the best option available with the students as the scholarship money need not be paid back. You can say it is the best source of funding your education. Mostly it is given to students who have excelled in academics, co-curricular, or some extraordinary distinctions. Make a detailed study of scholarships patterns in the college you intend to study. You can filter information from the internet on scholarships aspects. There is one for you too! Discription- Despite the economic meltdown, College Financial Aid has not seen any drastic changes and adjustments made. Well it is good news for the future aspirants who are on the verge of finishing their high schools.

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Easily Locate Residences For Lease in Philadelphia

The state of Philadelphia has lots of many places to see, people to know and other things packed into a relatively small land, similar to what we see in all of the east coast cities. It is a place for monetary and well being industries and considering that it is without doubt one of the largest city within the United States Of America (USA), it may well really suffice to its people's needs. If you are planning to maneuver in this place, many people have been researching in regards to the neighborhood and the housing in the place itself to see what place is obtainable that they is perhaps concerned about earlier than they go there. In Philadelphia, discovering apartments gained't be arduous as a result of they're very plentiful. What you want is to have an inventory of apartments for rent in Philadelphia to get you began on your research.


The state has so many issues to supply which is ideal for individuals who doesn't like living in the middle of the metropolis because of this many individual have found delight with the big range of options available. If you're a kind of individuals who don't like the busy city yow will discover apartments for rent in Philadelphia that is far sufficient from the city however will solely require an easy commute to still benefit from the city's amenities. You'll be able to work with an agent in an effort to have higher luck in finding the correct place for you especially if you're new to the area. In case you are transferring along with your family, it is best to search for an apartment in which a faculty is accessible. Philadelphia is known to be the home of highly informative faculties that may be capable to provide your kids with the perfect schooling they'll possibly have.


In case you are transferring to Philadelphia to attend your research, among the best universities and colleges within the nation may be discovered here. In case your goal is to search out flats in Philadelphia for lease which is shut to high school, it is best to research it online or try to mention that to your agent to find apartments for rent in Philadelphia. At present, Philadelphia is now a thriving metropolis however nonetheless it honors and upholds the traditions of the past. Many individuals refer to it as the city of promise, in which it may well give you the superb tradition; self progress and nice history.

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To Study in the Top Engineering Colleges in India is an Ever Aspiring Dream of Many Individuals

How long one can deny the fact that directly relates to the concept of leading a life in utmost ease and luxury should not be a question to discuss about. Rather efforts should be laid in cultivating the minds that on this date demands before cracking those qualifying exams organized or conducted by the top engineering colleges for their deserving students. It is not that only the sincere students that are found in desperate search of some noble ways before gathering the best sought information about those top engineering colleges in India for offering a step to their academic career.

But one can honestly find himself or herself in utter dumb struck situation if at dares to analysis on the statistical values that defines the number of heads of those concerned parents as well as caring guardians for the same facet. It is not at all a new concept that has come alive in terms of providing excellent materials for those students or even the working individuals interested for pursuing a distance engineering course program quite enthusiastically. But on this date where every single human being seems to be in a race not just to gain ore in less time but also to maintain that comes for utmost speed and accuracy behind any topic or subject they pick for the hunting approach especially in terms of these top engineering colleges in India in their favorite tick of the clock.

The reason as to why many a million likeminded individuals are opting for distance engineering is on the factor that covers the flexibility of time behind the delicate concept of learning and learning in parallel. However; on this date where the competition is high and everyone seems to believe the burning facet of a cut throat paradigm while pursing any challenge that appears in their life; the moderators that are offering detailed information on engineering colleges are honestly into some worth mentioning services. In addition to these the efforts that are laid down by the active members of these educational portals have shown a new perspective to the entire facet of education and learning.

This is because; everyone understands and is well aware about the destiny that can be scribbled in touch with some priceless knowledge gain through studying in these top engineering colleges in India before hunting a dream job what so ever. All these aspects are so delicate and yet evergreen; that the popularity graph will never fall down in any time slot nor the acclamation factor can fail in reaching the unscalable height after putting an impact in the mind of those dream catchers for sure.

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Non-Plagiarized Custom Essay Writing

Custom essay writing is all about originality. However, in the recent past, we have seen a number of companies sprout out claiming to be custom essay writing companies. Nothing could be further from the truth. With the increasing popularity of the internet some relatively new players in the non-plagiarized essay services marketplace have gone ahead to bring down the value of essay services and with this in mind, students today are increasingly becoming vigilant so as not to fall prey to unscrupulous dealers purporting to be legate non-plagiarized essay service companies. This is the sole reason why diligence is essential when it comes to procuring essay writing services. To help you decide, we benchmark our standards with the best non-plagiarized essay market practices below.

Why we are the best

To begin with, it is important to note that an essay service worth its fame and repute should have in place competent as well as experienced writers who can guarantee all the clients who place orders with such a company superior service. At our non-plagiarized essay service, we continue to be the only non-plagiarized essay service in the non-plagiarized essay marketplace that concerns itself with engaging the services of only the best writers with years of experience in essay writing. We are firm believers in the mantra that for an essay paper to meet the best standards in the marketplace, it must have in place only the best and most experienced writers and it is for this reason that we continue to churn out only the best quality essay papers.

Next, competent non-plagiarized essay companies must churn out papers that do not have even a single instance of plagiarism. In the non-plagiarized essay marketplace, originality is of the essence and this is the reason why at our service, we have gone ahead to put in place measures designed to enhance originality and ensure that all the orders we complete for our clients are 100% original. We dictate that all our writers begin all their orders from scratch so as to enhance originality and on top of that we also avail to all our clients free plagiarism reports so as to give them surety in regard to their non-plagiarized essays.

Further, a competent non-plagiarized essay service must not charge its clients excessive rates for its services. At our service, we base our pricing mechanisms on three pillars. Thai is to say that for every non-plagiarized essay order placed with us, we charge it based on their urgency, academic level as well as its length (measured in terms of the number of pages). This essentially ensures that what you pay is in conformity to industry standards hence making us one of the cheapest non-plagiarized essay services in the non-plagiarized essay marketplace.

It is also important to note that any essay writing company worth its name and repute must ensure that it meets all the set deadlines with regard to the orders placed by its clients. At our service, we not only strive to beat your deadline but we go a step ahead to delivery your non-plagiarized essay way before your proposed deadline elapses. This is a deliberate measure to ensure that any complaints you have with regard to our service are addressed on time so as to avert last minute rushes.

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History of the Hebrew Language and How Best To Translate It

The Hebrew language is a traditional Semitic one, used in the time of the Old Testament. Biblical Hebrew is frequently known as Classical Hebrew and has been traced back to the tenth century BC to the dominions of Judah and Israel.

Hebrew wasn't spoken much over the centuries, although it was used extensively as a literary language and as the liturgical language of Judaism. Many dialects of Classical Hebrew (sometimes called Medieval Hebrew) existed at the time, including the Midrashic Hebrew of the third century BC.

Employed in the Mishna and found in the Dead Sea Scrolls corresponding to the Hellenistic and Roman Periods before the annihilation of the Church in Jerusalem. The Babylonian Gemorrah, written about this time, was usually drafted in the Aramaic language and utilized a certain quantity of Greek words as well.

It was only at the start of the 19th century that Modern Hebrew became the written and spoken language of the Jewish folk. It is easy to understand how troublesome it can be to interpret Hebrew into any other language. The modern kind of the language is an accumulation of different dialects and colloquialisms. It includes words from plenty of other languages eg the romance languages of French, Spanish and Italian as well as Greek, Yiddish and Arabic. Additionally, during the past century, many English words became an important part of both written and spoken Hebrew. The Hebrew language is always developing, with new words being added when required. Additionally, Modern Hebrew has many local ideas and terms that maintain their meaning just when employed in the right context and will otherwise lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. As an example, many years back, when the film industry in Israel was first taking off, the Hebrew flicks used subtitles in one or two languages in order to appeal to as many different motion picture goers right now.

These subtitles were customarily inaccurate and completely reduced the dialog of the characters in the flick.

An automatic translation software programme, while quicker and cheaper, will successfully interpret only the words of the text and will leave out a lot of the true personality of the Hebrew words and sentences. A manual translator, ideally one who has lived in Israel, who is accomplished in the 2 languages, will inject the true nature and flavour of the language into his interpretation. Yes, it is more expensive, but if precision is needed, manual translation is the only possible way to go.

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Learning Strategies to get better grades at school

Everybody tries their level best to perform good at their academic studies, yet only a few find it easy to learn more and study less to make good grades. These few students are not the smarter ones; rather they are the students who exactly know how to learn things and how to get better grades. Learning is a serious job and if you are in a class with many students, learning also becomes a competitive job. Our desire to be at top doesn't let us feel happy with mere success in school examinations, rather we try to reach at top and gain best possible grades.

You can easily get better grades in your school examination by following the better learning strategies that will make it possible for you to optimize your learning capacities and make the best use of your hard work. In order to succeed at school, it is not necessary that you should try to be a bookworm. Many of the students who always remain in touch of their books to memorize the formulae, theories and problem solving techniques often fails to get better grades. This is so because they keep trying to memorize things without interlinking the ideas behind the various topics and subjects and that doesn't allow them to learn things practically.

You may get average grades if you try hard to memorize things. Yet, if you really want to excel in your studies and to earn the topmost grades, you will need to play smart and intelligent. Memorizing things is not the correct process; rather you should try to make your mind active enough to make learning process easier than it is for the most of the students. With better learning approach, you will gain more time and confidence. This will let you take part in your social life and to enjoy other streams of learning like sports and recreational activities.

Proper learning strategy

Instead of locking yourself with books like a bookworm and trying to memorize every word of the book without actually understanding it, you need to follow the holistic manner of learning. Instead of wasting your energies in trying to rote memorize everything mentioned in your curriculum; you should start making connection between the ideas. There are many specific tactics to learn things in an easy manner. If you are willing to know more about the smarter and better learning
strategies

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What is Good Teaching ?

All students must have had hundreds of teachers in their lifetimes. A very few of these teachers they would remember as being exceptionally good. What are the qualities that combine to create an excellent, memorable teacher? Why do some teachers inspire students to work three times harder than they normally would, while others inspire students to avoid their class? Why do students learn more from some teachers than others?

Here I have focused on the four essential qualities that distinguish exceptional teachers:

* Knowledge,
* Communication skills,
* Interest, and
* Respect for students.


An Experiment

Here's an experiment I had done in one of my earlier assignments. The results may surprise you. Go into one of the classes you are teaching and have your students take out a sheet of paper. Ask them to list for you the qualities they feel are important in a good teacher. Ask them to identify the qualities they admire in the best teachers they have had. Then give the students enough time to think about it and write something down. Five minutes is good, but ten might be better. Let them answer the questions anonymously if they desire.

What you will get if you combine all of the responses is a fascinating collage of ideas. I have found that most of the responses fall into two specific categories:

1) a set of "core qualities" that students recognize in good teachers, and

2) a set of "specific skills" that are developed by good teachers.

"Core qualities" are the essential characteristics needed to be a good teacher. I would like to concentrate on these core qualities in this article as under.

1. Knowledge

Students have consistently and clearly targeted as the number one quality of a good teacher exactly what you would expect: knowledge of the subject. You must be an expert in your field-both theoretical and practical –preferably with an industry interface and experience if you are going to be a good teacher in a Management college or Business School. This is a prerequisite.
2. Communication

The second core quality that good teachers possess is the ability to communicate their knowledge and expertise to their students. You may be the greatest expert ever in your field, but what would happen if you lectured in a style and language the students are not able to comprehend clearly? How much would your students learn?

It is a common misconception at the College level that knowledge of a subject is all that's required to be a good teacher; that the students should be willing and able to extract the meat from what you say- regardless of how it is delivered (even if it is delivered in a incomprehending language or different style). This might be true at the post graduate level, but elsewhere it is definitely untrue. It is especially untrue at the undergraduate level. The teacher's job is to take advanced knowledge and make it accessible to the students. A good teacher allows students to understand the material, and to understand what it means (because it is one thing to understand how nuclear bombs work, but quite another to understand what nuclear bombs mean).

A good teacher can take a subject and help make it crystal clear to the students. A bad teacher can take that same material and make it impenetrable. Or a bad teacher can devote so little time and effort to preparation that the material presented is intrinsically confusing and disorganized. A good teacher is willing to expend the effort needed to find innovative and creative ways to make complicated ideas understandable to their students, and to fit new ideas into the context available to the student. A good teacher can explain complicated material in a way that students can understand and use.

There is a saying, "Give me a fish and I eat for a day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime." This is the philosophy of a good teacher. Give your students an answer and they can solve one problem, but show students the techniques needed to find the answer for themselves and they can become self-sufficient in the field. Students need to be shown how to apply the new techniques you teach to problem solving.

3. Interest

A good teacher starts with a firm knowledge of the subject, and builds on that with a clarity and understanding designed to help students master the material. The best teachers then go one step further. Because good teachers are interested in the material being taught, they make the class interesting and relevant to the students. Knowledge is worthless unless it is delivered to the students in a form they can understand. But the effort expended making the material understandable is wasted if the students are disinterested when it is delivered, or if the students can see no point in learning the material.

Good teachers recognise this, and work hard to make their material relevant. They show students how the material will apply to their lives and their careers. Bad teachers make material "relevant" by threatening students with failure on a test. Good teachers go far beyond this: they make students want to learn the material by making it interesting.

This is one of the things that makes industry and business examples so important and vital to learning in a business school or college.Industry interface and practical real life examples make the ideas discussed in class exciting and important to the teacher, as well as to the students. If the teacher isn't interested in what's being taught, then why should the students be?


4. Respect

Good teachers always possess these three core qualities: knowledge, the ability to convey to students an understanding of that knowledge, and the ability to make the material interesting and relevant to students. Complementing these three is a fourth: quality: good teachers have a deep-seated concern and respect for the students in the classroom. Why else would a teacher put in the time and effort needed to create a high quality class?

The creation of a good class requires an immense amount of work. You don't simply come up with clear explanations,industry cases and examples and experiments for the class off the top of your head. You don't create fair, consistent, high quality tests,questionaires and homework assignments (read "learning experiences") five minutes before you hand them out. You don't figure out ways to integrate new materials and research into a class in an understandable way on your way to your college or institute in the morning. You work at this sort of quality all the time. You spend time with your students so you can learn about holes in their understanding. You read and write and create to build an exciting and interesting class every day. The only thing that would drive you to do that is a concern and respect for the students in your classroom.



Conclusion

When you strive and work to become a good teacher and to create a good class, the four core qualities are essential:knowledge,the skills to convey that knowledge,the ability to make the material you are teaching interesting and relevant,and a deep-seated respect for the students.Without these four core qualities,good teaching will just not exist and take place.

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Graduation Announcements Wording Ideas, Graduation Invitations Wording Verses and Sayings for Graduation Cards

Graduation ceremonies are not just any ordinary celebrations. For every class of students, schools conduct a formal graduation ceremony but for the student, this graduation comes but once. The same graduation will not come again, so cherish it when you graduate. Make sure you tuck away those memories safe so that someday, you will recall the momentous occasion with pride and nostalgia. Anticipating your graduation ceremony eagerly, aren’t you? Waiting to don those graduation robes and toss your hats off for the perfect picture? You must know that graduation just puts you across the threshold into a whole new world, one that you have been reading about but haven’t yet discovered.

Well, the nostalgia and the decisions and the questions will follow, but right now, all you have to do is soak up the moments as they come. There are online sites that help you plan for your graduation ceremony. This means inviting your loved ones to the graduation ceremony or for the graduation party and then sending graduation thank cards to all those who came and shared the merry moments with you. There is lots of help in taking away your worries regarding graduation announcements. Not only with the graduation announcements cards but also with a gigantic collection of creative Graduation Party Wording Ideas, Wording Verses & Sayings.

Finding the proper wordings, verses or sayings for graduation cards can be a very challenging task. One wants to convey the thoughts and emotions of the day in just the right way with the right tone and the proper message. The first thing to consider is what type of graduation card it is. College graduation invitations wording ideas will be different from high school graduation announcements sayings and HomeSchool graduation invitations wording ideas. And all of these will be worlds apart from high school graduation wording announcements verses, HomeSchool graduation invitations sayings, junior high school, 8th grade and middle school graduation announcements wording ideas and especially from kindergarten graduation wording verses. The same is true for graduations that lead to an occupation such as nursing graduation announcements wording verses, law school graduation invitations wording ideas, and medical school graduation announcements sayings.

For college graduation announcements wording ideas and high school graduation invitations wording verses, most people tend to stay fairly formal. Something such as, "We are proud to announce; that on the thirtieth of May, year two thousand and eight; our daughter Nancy Smith; graduated from Harvard University," is very proper and formal nursing graduation invitations sayings. However, just because it is popular to stay formal doesn't mean that one necessarily have to. Having the college graduation announcements sayings and high school graduation invitations wording verses say something fun like, "May 30th is her big day!; Come help her celebrate and send her on her way!" can be very fun and playful college graduation announcements wording ideas or kindergarten graduation invitations wording verses. This will convey that the graduate is moving on to the "real world" but will keep the tone of the graduation card very light.

And of course, high school graduation announcements wording ideas will be slightly different since the graduate is going to also be facing something new in their lives but at the same time, something completely different from college or university grads. High school graduation invitations wording verses may be something such as, "She's about to leave for another school; She's all ready, she's got all her tools; Commencement is done; Now let's have some fun!" This is great to use in a graduation party invitations wording ideas and graduation open house invitations wording verses. When looking for high school graduation wording ideas for an announcement, one may choose to say, "Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School is proud to announce that John Smith graduated from the senior class with top honors on May 30, 2008."

Whatever tone is chosen for college graduation invitations wording verses, high school graduation announcements wording ideas, sayings for homeschool graduation cards or any other kind of graduation, it is important to make sure that the feelings expressed through the wording are personal and reflect the personality of the graduate. Including one of the graduate's favorite quotes, poems, or verses are terrific to use for any nurse graduation cards sayings, or high school graduation cards wording ideas. In fact, simply asking the graduate if there is any particular quote, poem, or verse that they would like to see included can be the best way to compile http://www.cardspersonalized.com/Graduation-Wording-Ideas-Verses-Sayings graduation party invitations wording ideas, graduation party thank you card wording ideas, and wording for other graduation cards.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immigration Reform

Today the immigration process is inventible because of the integration of different countries and the increasing level of globalization process on the whole. The countries with the booming economy, with a high level of life of its citizens, where citizens are provided with more rights, with different social programs, which are conducted by government, attract people to live in. Consequently, immigration process to such countries occurs constantly. So, it is very important to find out all the reliable recommendations to improvement the immigration policy and to investigate this process.
First of all, it is important to conclude whether the immigration process is an evitable one and whether it can be prevented. In the United States of America the immigration was one and probably the main sources of enlargement the population. This process presents the integral part of the country history and influenced its culture. The book entitled “The Immigration Debate: Remaking America “, written by John Isbister reflected the fact that the immigration process to the USA is still intensive and due to it the USA gets close connections with other countries especially with those of a Third World.

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White German Shepherd Puppy - Discover Why This Breed Suits You!

So you're considering about buying or adopting a White German Shepherd puppy? Well, before you pack your bags and start shopping for the right puppy to take home, you might as well first put research into knowing more about your new family member. After all, what kind of owner would you be if you don't even know a thing about your prospective pet!

For starters, a White German Shepherd puppy is a breed and just like other dogs, taking care of this particular breed has its ups and downs too! In fact, there are several that I've just decided to break them down and make things easier for you. Here it goes:

You would want this breed if...
o You like German Shepherds but would one with a softer personality
o You want a pet that is natural looking and is athletic
o You want a guardian dog but not one that is too hostile
o You want an intelligent dog, easy to train and with a high level of competition

You would not want to this breed if...
o You don't enjoy walks
o You're looking for a couch dog
o You don't enjoy training your dog or providing it with mental stimulation
o You hate destructive behaviour, even to the smallest degree
o You don't want hyperactive dogs
o You don't want to get hair all over the place
o You have health problems
o You don't want to deal with dogs that have socialization problems

Over-all, a White German Shepherd puppy is just like the "brown-coated" one, with minimum changes in behaviour patterns and physical characteristics. And just like any other German Shepherd dogs, the lack of early exposure to socializing with humans and other animals will render your pet hostile towards everybody.

You should remember that while dogs that belong in one breed share common attributes, dogs are like humans too in terms of personality! No one really knows what personality a dog would have until it grows up but you can always mold your dog's personality through proper training.

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